President Franklin Delano Roosevelt capitalized on his constitutional power to call an emergency session of one or both houses of Congress immediately upon his inauguration. “In his inaugural address Roosevelt announced that he would call Congress into an immediate special session” (“Franklin” ABC-CLIO). Keeping to his promise, this meeting of the House of Representatives and Senate called by Franklin Roosevelt convened on March 9, 1933 and adjourned one hundred days later on June 16. In his calling and the proceeding of a special session of Congress, Roosevelt followed a power outlined in the Executive Branch section of the Constitutional Checks and Balances (Mount).
In the face of World War II, Roosevelt realized, in 1945, the Soviets had power over Poland that he was unable to reverse and, then, gained an ally in the Soviet Union. Franklin Roosevelt “manage[d] to obtain a Soviet promise to join the war against Japan and to participate in the United Nations” (“Franklin” ABC-CLIO). By doing so, he was enforcing his constitutional job of acting as commander in chief of the military, dealing with foreign relations regarding the achievement of a positive outcome from the war. This power of making (expanding) treaties and perform the duties of commander in chief is expressed in the Constitutional Separation of Powers (Mount).
Quote: "I shall presently urge upon a new Congress, in special session, detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek the immediate assistance of the several States" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
"I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the measures that a stricken Nation in the midst of a stricken world may require. These measures, or such other measures as the Congress may build out of its experience and wisdom, I shall seek, within my constitutional authority, to bring to speedy adoption" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
Shared Power-
Within the emergency Congressional session called by Roosevelt upon is inauguration, his New Deal program began with legislation that was presented by the president and approved by Congress. The bills and acts that were enacted in the first “hundred days” of his presidency were based upon shared power between the Legislative Branch’s ability to “pass all federal laws” and Roosevelt’s heading of the legislation and power to “ensure all laws are carried out” (Mount). (“Franklin D. Roosevelt”)
Promising to decrease the unemployment rate in his 1933 inaugural address, Franklin D. Roosevelt made a vow based upon shared power as he was looking towards the branches of government to recruit citizens to fill new positions, in which he headed. As the lead of providing federal employment to numerous, but needing the abilities of other branches to create these new jobs, Roosevelt's employment promise was a shared power. (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address")
Quote: "Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
Dependent Power-
“Increased food costs, for example, will bring new demands for wage increases from all war workers, which will in turn raise all prices of all things including those things which the farmers themselves have to buy. Increased wages or prices will each in turn produce the same results. They all have a particularly disastrous result on all fixed income groups” (Peters and Woolley).
Quote:
Loony Power-
“It will give our people at home the assurance that they are standing four-square behind our soldiers and sailors” (Peters and Woolley).
Quote:
Executive Privilege: President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to relay files from the Federal Bureau of Investigation files to congressional committees.
Executive Order: “On June 25, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, ‘Reaffirming Policy Full Participation in the Defense Program by All Persons, Regardless of Race, Creed, Color, or National Origin, and Directing Certain Act in Furtherance of Said Policy.’ It ended discriminatory practices in the defense industry, as the United States prepared for its possible entry into World War II” (“Executive Order”).
MLA Citations:
“Franklin Roosevelt.” American Government (2010). ABC-CLIO. Web. 28 November 2010.
“Franklin D. Roosevelt.” The White House. n.d. Web. 28 November 2010.
Mount, Steve. “Constitutional Topic: Checks and Balances.” U.S. Constitution Online. 24 January 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Mount, Steve. “Constitutional Topic: Separation of Powers.” U.S. Constitution Online. 24 January 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Peters, Gerhard and John T. Woolley. "Franklin D. Roosevelt - Inaugural Address." The American Presidency Project. 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Peters, Gerhard and John T. Woolley. "Franklin D. Roosevelt - State of the Union Message to Congress." The American Presidency Project. 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Presidential Cabinet:
Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1st Term March 4, 1933- January 20, 1937
State:
Cordell Hull, 1933
Hull helped Roosevelt for a little while and managed to exert considerable influence upon U.S. foreign policy while helping Roosevelt. He had efforts to improve relations with Latin America by developing and securing the “Good Neighbor Policy”. His influence on Roosevelt waned as he stopped concentrating on the domestic affairs and started to conduct the foreign policy.
Treasury:
William Hartman Woodin 1933
Woodin served as a close advisor for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Woodin’s business helped Roosevelt in his troubling years. He assisted Roosevelt with new financial policies. Woodin was responsible for all of the banks closing after the economic collapse. He helped Roosevelt phase out the gold standard.
War:
George Henry Dern 1933
Dern was a hard worker of the cabinet for Roosevelt. He was a great public speaker. He had no military experience, but Roosevelt wanted him in War. Dern won over the support of the military by efficiency and readiness. He advocated better strength for the Air Corps. Dern and his department cared and provided for the military.
Navy:
Claude Augustus Swanson 1933
Swanson supported Franklin D. Roosevelts bid for the Democrat nomination. He helped with getting congress to build up a navy.
Attorney General:
Homer Stille Cummings 1933
Cummings was a prominent in Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court and legal defense of the New Deal. He helped Roosevelt with lower tariffs, income taxes. And measures of social justice. Cummings built a power base with the Democratic Party.
Interior:
Harold L. Ickes 1933
Ickles helped Roosevelt in his first term in office with the New Deal administration. He did most of the Deal’s success and skillful management.
Agriculture:
Henry A. Wallace 1933
Commerce:
Daniel Calhoun Roper 1933
Roper was a very important person in Roosevelt’s 1st term. He assisted the President with swinging McAdoo’s votes to Roosevelts. He helped with the gathering of information for businesses. He served on the council for National Defense.
Labor:
Frances Perkins 1933
Francis helped Roosevelt bring reforms to laws. She helped draft the Social Security Act and fair Labor Standards. Her work helped make the labor strong.
Accomplishments and Challenges:
Constitutional Power-
Quote: "I shall presently urge upon a new Congress, in special session, detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek the immediate assistance of the several States" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
"I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the measures that a stricken Nation in the midst of a stricken world may require. These measures, or such other measures as the Congress may build out of its experience and wisdom, I shall seek, within my constitutional authority, to bring to speedy adoption" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
Shared Power-
Quote: "Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources" (Peters and Woolley "Inaugural Address").
Dependent Power-
Quote:
Loony Power-
Quote:
Executive Privilege:
President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to relay files from the Federal Bureau of Investigation files to congressional committees.
Executive Order:
“On June 25, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, ‘Reaffirming Policy Full Participation in the Defense Program by All Persons, Regardless of Race, Creed, Color, or National Origin, and Directing Certain Act in Furtherance of Said Policy.’ It ended discriminatory practices in the defense industry, as the United States prepared for its possible entry into World War II” (“Executive Order”).
MLA Citations:
“Franklin Roosevelt.” American Government (2010). ABC-CLIO. Web. 28 November 2010.
“Franklin D. Roosevelt.” The White House. n.d. Web. 28 November 2010.
Mount, Steve. “Constitutional Topic: Checks and Balances.” U.S. Constitution Online. 24 January 2010. Web. 28 November
2010.
Mount, Steve. “Constitutional Topic: Separation of Powers.” U.S. Constitution Online. 24 January 2010. Web. 28 November
2010.
Peters, Gerhard and John T. Woolley. "Franklin D. Roosevelt - Inaugural Address." The American
Presidency Project. 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Peters, Gerhard and John T. Woolley. "Franklin D. Roosevelt - State of the Union Message to Congress." The American
Presidency Project. 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
Presidential Cabinet:
Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1st Term
March 4, 1933- January 20, 1937
State:
Cordell Hull, 1933
Hull helped Roosevelt for a little while and managed to exert considerable influence upon U.S. foreign policy while helping Roosevelt. He had efforts to improve relations with Latin America by developing and securing the “Good Neighbor Policy”. His influence on Roosevelt waned as he stopped concentrating on the domestic affairs and started to conduct the foreign policy.
Treasury:
William Hartman Woodin 1933
Woodin served as a close advisor for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Woodin’s business helped Roosevelt in his troubling years. He assisted Roosevelt with new financial policies. Woodin was responsible for all of the banks closing after the economic collapse. He helped Roosevelt phase out the gold standard.
War:
George Henry Dern 1933
Dern was a hard worker of the cabinet for Roosevelt. He was a great public speaker. He had no military experience, but Roosevelt wanted him in War. Dern won over the support of the military by efficiency and readiness. He advocated better strength for the Air Corps. Dern and his department cared and provided for the military.
Navy:
Claude Augustus Swanson 1933
Swanson supported Franklin D. Roosevelts bid for the Democrat nomination. He helped with getting congress to build up a navy.
Attorney General:
Homer Stille Cummings 1933
Cummings was a prominent in Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court and legal defense of the New Deal. He helped Roosevelt with lower tariffs, income taxes. And measures of social justice. Cummings built a power base with the Democratic Party.
Interior:
Harold L. Ickes 1933
Ickles helped Roosevelt in his first term in office with the New Deal administration. He did most of the Deal’s success and skillful management.
Agriculture:
Henry A. Wallace 1933
Commerce:
Daniel Calhoun Roper 1933
Roper was a very important person in Roosevelt’s 1st term. He assisted the President with swinging McAdoo’s votes to Roosevelts. He helped with the gathering of information for businesses. He served on the council for National Defense.
Labor:
Frances Perkins 1933
Francis helped Roosevelt bring reforms to laws. She helped draft the Social Security Act and fair Labor Standards. Her work helped make the labor strong.